Melanoma prone families with CDK4 germline mutation: phenotypic profile and associations with MC1R variants
Identifieur interne : 004897 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 004896; suivant : 004898Melanoma prone families with CDK4 germline mutation: phenotypic profile and associations with MC1R variants
Auteurs : Hanne Eknes Puntervoll [Norvège] ; Xiaohong R. Yang [États-Unis] ; Hildegunn H Berg Vetti [Norvège] ; Ingeborg M. Bachmann [Norvège] ; Marie Françoise Avril [France] ; Meriem Benfodda [France] ; Caterina Catricalà [Italie] ; Stéphane Dalle [France] ; Anne B. Duval-Modeste [France] ; Paola Ghiorzo [Italie] ; Paola Grammatico [Italie] ; Mark Harland [Royaume-Uni] ; Nicholas K. Hayward [Australie] ; Hui-Han Hu [France] ; Thomas Jouary [France] ; Tanguy Martin-Denavit [France] ; Aija Ozola [Lettonie] ; Jane M. Palmer [Australie] ; Lorenza Pastorino [Italie] ; Dace Pjanova [Lettonie] ; Nadem Soufir [France] ; Solrun J. Steine [Norvège] ; Alexander J. Stratigos [Grèce] ; Luc Thomas [France] ; Julie Tinat [France] ; Hensin Tsao [États-Unis] ; R Ta Veinalde [Lettonie] ; Margaret A. Tucker [États-Unis] ; Brigitte Bressac-De Paillerets [France] ; Julia A. Newton-Bishop [Royaume-Uni] ; Alisa M. Goldstein [États-Unis] ; Lars A. Akslen [Norvège] ; Anders Molven [Norvège]Source :
- Journal of Medical Genetics [ 0022-2593 ] ; 2013-04.
Descripteurs français
- Wicri :
- topic : Génétique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Anatomic location, Atypical, Atypical nevi, Bergen, Bergman, Cdk4, Cdk4 families, Cdk4 germline mutations, Cdk4 mutation, Cdk4 mutation carriers, Cdkn2a, Cdkn2a mutations, Colour, Cutaneous, Cutaneous melanoma, Dermatol, Family members, Genet, Genetics, Germline, Goldstein, Gruis, Hair colour, Haukeland university hospital, Histologic, Histologic type, Mc1r, Mc1r variant distribution, Mc1r variants, Median, Melanoma, Melanoma cases, Melanoma diagnosis, Melanoma families, Melanoma patients, Melanoma risk, Melanoma status, Mutation, Nevus, Nrhc, Phenotype, Phenotypic, Puntervoll, Receptor, Skin colour, Statistical analyses, Unaffected, Unaffected cdk4, Unaffected subjects, Variant.
- Teeft :
- Anatomic location, Atypical, Atypical nevi, Bergen, Bergman, Cdk4, Cdk4 families, Cdk4 germline mutations, Cdk4 mutation, Cdk4 mutation carriers, Cdkn2a, Cdkn2a mutations, Colour, Cutaneous, Cutaneous melanoma, Dermatol, Family members, Genet, Genetics, Germline, Goldstein, Gruis, Hair colour, Haukeland university hospital, Histologic, Histologic type, Mc1r, Mc1r variant distribution, Mc1r variants, Median, Melanoma, Melanoma cases, Melanoma diagnosis, Melanoma families, Melanoma patients, Melanoma risk, Melanoma status, Mutation, Nevus, Nrhc, Phenotype, Phenotypic, Puntervoll, Receptor, Skin colour, Statistical analyses, Unaffected, Unaffected cdk4, Unaffected subjects, Variant.
Abstract
Background CDKN2A and CDK4 are high risk susceptibility genes for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanoma families with CDKN2A germline mutations have been extensively characterised, whereas CDK4 families are rare and lack a systematic investigation of their phenotype. Methods All known families with CDK4 germline mutations (n=17) were recruited for the study by contacting the authors of published papers or by requests via the Melanoma Genetics Consortium (GenoMEL). Phenotypic data related to primary melanoma and pigmentation characteristics were collected. The CDK4 exon 2 and the complete coding region of the MC1R gene were sequenced. Results Eleven families carried the CDK4 R24H mutation whereas six families had the R24C mutation. The total number of subjects with verified melanoma was 103, with a median age at first melanoma diagnosis of 39 years. Forty-three (41.7%) subjects had developed multiple primary melanomas (MPM). A CDK4 mutation was found in 89 (including 62 melanoma cases) of 209 tested subjects. CDK4 positive family members (both melanoma cases and unaffected subjects) were more likely to have clinically atypical nevi than CDK4 negative family members (p<0.001). MPM subjects had a higher frequency of MC1R red hair colour variants compared with subjects with one tumour (p=0.010). Conclusion Our study shows that families with CDK4 germline mutations cannot be distinguished phenotypically from CDKN2A melanoma families, which are characterised by early onset of disease, increased occurrence of clinically atypical nevi, and development of MPM. In a clinical setting, the CDK4 gene should therefore always be examined when a melanoma family tests negative for CDKN2A mutation.
Url:
- https://api.istex.fr/document/9890791C779B7C6DCC3B163287588810C4BC9FE3/fulltext/pdf
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607098
DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101455
Affiliations:
- Australie, France, Grèce, Italie, Lettonie, Norvège, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Aquitaine, Attique (région), Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Haute-Normandie, Latium, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Rhône-Alpes, Région Normandie, Île-de-France
- Athènes, Bordeaux, Lyon, Paris, Rome, Rouen
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Paris-Descartes
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Duval-Modeste</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dermatology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Normandie</region><region type="old region">Haute-Normandie</region><settlement type="city">Rouen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghiorzo, Paola" sort="Ghiorzo, Paola" uniqKey="Ghiorzo P" first="Paola" last="Ghiorzo">Paola Ghiorzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Laboratory of Genetics of Rare Hereditary Cancers, San Martino-IST Research Hospital, Genoa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genoa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grammatico, Paola" sort="Grammatico, Paola" uniqKey="Grammatico P" first="Paola" last="Grammatico">Paola Grammatico</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University, S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harland, Mark" sort="Harland, Mark" uniqKey="Harland M" first="Mark" last="Harland">Mark Harland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Leeds</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayward, Nicholas K" sort="Hayward, Nicholas K" uniqKey="Hayward N" first="Nicholas K" last="Hayward">Nicholas K. Hayward</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Hui Han" sort="Hu, Hui Han" uniqKey="Hu H" first="Hui-Han" last="Hu">Hui-Han Hu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Genetic Department, Bichat Hospital and INSERM U976, Cutaneous Research Center, Paris 7 University, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jouary, Thomas" sort="Jouary, Thomas" uniqKey="Jouary T" first="Thomas" last="Jouary">Thomas Jouary</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Unité de Cancérologie Cutanée, Service de Dermatologie, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin Denavit, Tanguy" sort="Martin Denavit, Tanguy" uniqKey="Martin Denavit T" first="Tanguy" last="Martin-Denavit">Tanguy Martin-Denavit</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Dermatology, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ozola, Aija" sort="Ozola, Aija" uniqKey="Ozola A" first="Aija" last="Ozola">Aija Ozola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Lettonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riga</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Jane M" sort="Palmer, Jane M" uniqKey="Palmer J" first="Jane M" last="Palmer">Jane M. Palmer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queensland</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pastorino, Lorenza" sort="Pastorino, Lorenza" uniqKey="Pastorino L" first="Lorenza" last="Pastorino">Lorenza Pastorino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Laboratory of Genetics of Rare Hereditary Cancers, San Martino-IST Research Hospital, Genoa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genoa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pjanova, Dace" sort="Pjanova, Dace" uniqKey="Pjanova D" first="Dace" last="Pjanova">Dace Pjanova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Lettonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riga</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soufir, Nadem" sort="Soufir, Nadem" uniqKey="Soufir N" first="Nadem" last="Soufir">Nadem Soufir</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Genetic Department, Bichat Hospital and INSERM U976, Cutaneous Research Center, Paris 7 University, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steine, Solrun J" sort="Steine, Solrun J" uniqKey="Steine S" first="Solrun J" last="Steine">Solrun J. Steine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Section for Pathology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bergen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stratigos, Alexander J" sort="Stratigos, Alexander J" uniqKey="Stratigos A" first="Alexander J" last="Stratigos">Alexander J. Stratigos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Dermato-Oncology Unit, Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Athènes</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Attique (région)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Luc" sort="Thomas, Luc" uniqKey="Thomas L" first="Luc" last="Thomas">Luc Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Dermatology, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tinat, Julie" sort="Tinat, Julie" uniqKey="Tinat J" first="Julie" last="Tinat">Julie Tinat</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Normandie</region><region type="old region">Haute-Normandie</region><settlement type="city">Rouen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsao, Hensin" sort="Tsao, Hensin" uniqKey="Tsao H" first="Hensin" last="Tsao">Hensin Tsao</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Veinalde, R Ta" sort="Veinalde, R Ta" uniqKey="Veinalde R" first="R Ta" last="Veinalde">R Ta Veinalde</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Lettonie</country><wicri:regionArea>Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riga</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tucker, Margaret A" sort="Tucker, Margaret A" uniqKey="Tucker M" first="Margaret A" last="Tucker">Margaret A. Tucker</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bressac De Paillerets, Brigitte" sort="Bressac De Paillerets, Brigitte" uniqKey="Bressac De Paillerets B" first="Brigitte" last="Bressac-De Paillerets">Brigitte Bressac-De Paillerets</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service de Génétique, Département de Biopathologie, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif and INSERM U946, Bâtiment IGM, Fondation Jean Dausset, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newton Bishop, Julia A" sort="Newton Bishop, Julia A" uniqKey="Newton Bishop J" first="Julia A" last="Newton-Bishop">Julia A. Newton-Bishop</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Leeds</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldstein, Alisa M" sort="Goldstein, Alisa M" uniqKey="Goldstein A" first="Alisa M" last="Goldstein">Alisa M. Goldstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akslen, Lars A" sort="Akslen, Lars A" uniqKey="Akslen L" first="Lars A" last="Akslen">Lars A. Akslen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Section for Pathology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bergen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bergen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bergen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molven, Anders" sort="Molven, Anders" uniqKey="Molven A" first="Anders" last="Molven">Anders Molven</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Section for Pathology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bergen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bergen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Medical Genetics</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J Med Genet</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-2593</idno><idno type="eISSN">1468-6244</idno><imprint><publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2013-04">2013-04</date><biblScope unit="volume">50</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="264">264</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0022-2593</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-2593</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Anatomic location</term><term>Atypical</term><term>Atypical nevi</term><term>Bergen</term><term>Bergman</term><term>Cdk4</term><term>Cdk4 families</term><term>Cdk4 germline mutations</term><term>Cdk4 mutation</term><term>Cdk4 mutation carriers</term><term>Cdkn2a</term><term>Cdkn2a mutations</term><term>Colour</term><term>Cutaneous</term><term>Cutaneous melanoma</term><term>Dermatol</term><term>Family members</term><term>Genet</term><term>Genetics</term><term>Germline</term><term>Goldstein</term><term>Gruis</term><term>Hair colour</term><term>Haukeland university hospital</term><term>Histologic</term><term>Histologic type</term><term>Mc1r</term><term>Mc1r variant distribution</term><term>Mc1r variants</term><term>Median</term><term>Melanoma</term><term>Melanoma cases</term><term>Melanoma diagnosis</term><term>Melanoma families</term><term>Melanoma patients</term><term>Melanoma risk</term><term>Melanoma status</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Nevus</term><term>Nrhc</term><term>Phenotype</term><term>Phenotypic</term><term>Puntervoll</term><term>Receptor</term><term>Skin colour</term><term>Statistical analyses</term><term>Unaffected</term><term>Unaffected cdk4</term><term>Unaffected subjects</term><term>Variant</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Anatomic location</term><term>Atypical</term><term>Atypical nevi</term><term>Bergen</term><term>Bergman</term><term>Cdk4</term><term>Cdk4 families</term><term>Cdk4 germline mutations</term><term>Cdk4 mutation</term><term>Cdk4 mutation carriers</term><term>Cdkn2a</term><term>Cdkn2a mutations</term><term>Colour</term><term>Cutaneous</term><term>Cutaneous melanoma</term><term>Dermatol</term><term>Family members</term><term>Genet</term><term>Genetics</term><term>Germline</term><term>Goldstein</term><term>Gruis</term><term>Hair colour</term><term>Haukeland university hospital</term><term>Histologic</term><term>Histologic type</term><term>Mc1r</term><term>Mc1r variant distribution</term><term>Mc1r variants</term><term>Median</term><term>Melanoma</term><term>Melanoma cases</term><term>Melanoma diagnosis</term><term>Melanoma families</term><term>Melanoma patients</term><term>Melanoma risk</term><term>Melanoma status</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Nevus</term><term>Nrhc</term><term>Phenotype</term><term>Phenotypic</term><term>Puntervoll</term><term>Receptor</term><term>Skin colour</term><term>Statistical analyses</term><term>Unaffected</term><term>Unaffected cdk4</term><term>Unaffected subjects</term><term>Variant</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Génétique</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Background CDKN2A and CDK4 are high risk susceptibility genes for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanoma families with CDKN2A germline mutations have been extensively characterised, whereas CDK4 families are rare and lack a systematic investigation of their phenotype. Methods All known families with CDK4 germline mutations (n=17) were recruited for the study by contacting the authors of published papers or by requests via the Melanoma Genetics Consortium (GenoMEL). Phenotypic data related to primary melanoma and pigmentation characteristics were collected. The CDK4 exon 2 and the complete coding region of the MC1R gene were sequenced. Results Eleven families carried the CDK4 R24H mutation whereas six families had the R24C mutation. The total number of subjects with verified melanoma was 103, with a median age at first melanoma diagnosis of 39 years. Forty-three (41.7%) subjects had developed multiple primary melanomas (MPM). A CDK4 mutation was found in 89 (including 62 melanoma cases) of 209 tested subjects. CDK4 positive family members (both melanoma cases and unaffected subjects) were more likely to have clinically atypical nevi than CDK4 negative family members (p<0.001). MPM subjects had a higher frequency of MC1R red hair colour variants compared with subjects with one tumour (p=0.010). Conclusion Our study shows that families with CDK4 germline mutations cannot be distinguished phenotypically from CDKN2A melanoma families, which are characterised by early onset of disease, increased occurrence of clinically atypical nevi, and development of MPM. In a clinical setting, the CDK4 gene should therefore always be examined when a melanoma family tests negative for CDKN2A mutation.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Grèce</li><li>Italie</li><li>Lettonie</li><li>Norvège</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Aquitaine</li><li>Attique (région)</li><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Haute-Normandie</li><li>Latium</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Massachusetts</li><li>Nouvelle-Aquitaine</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Région Normandie</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Athènes</li><li>Bordeaux</li><li>Lyon</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rome</li><li>Rouen</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1</li><li>Université Paris-Descartes</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Norvège"><noRegion><name sortKey="Puntervoll, Hanne Eknes" sort="Puntervoll, Hanne Eknes" uniqKey="Puntervoll H" first="Hanne Eknes" last="Puntervoll">Hanne Eknes Puntervoll</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Akslen, Lars A" sort="Akslen, Lars A" uniqKey="Akslen L" first="Lars A" last="Akslen">Lars A. Akslen</name><name sortKey="Akslen, Lars A" sort="Akslen, Lars A" uniqKey="Akslen L" first="Lars A" last="Akslen">Lars A. Akslen</name><name sortKey="Akslen, Lars A" sort="Akslen, Lars A" uniqKey="Akslen L" first="Lars A" last="Akslen">Lars A. Akslen</name><name sortKey="Bachmann, Ingeborg M" sort="Bachmann, Ingeborg M" uniqKey="Bachmann I" first="Ingeborg M" last="Bachmann">Ingeborg M. Bachmann</name><name sortKey="Bachmann, Ingeborg M" sort="Bachmann, Ingeborg M" uniqKey="Bachmann I" first="Ingeborg M" last="Bachmann">Ingeborg M. Bachmann</name><name sortKey="Molven, Anders" sort="Molven, Anders" uniqKey="Molven A" first="Anders" last="Molven">Anders Molven</name><name sortKey="Molven, Anders" sort="Molven, Anders" uniqKey="Molven A" first="Anders" last="Molven">Anders Molven</name><name sortKey="Steine, Solrun J" sort="Steine, Solrun J" uniqKey="Steine S" first="Solrun J" last="Steine">Solrun J. Steine</name><name sortKey="Vetti, Hildegunn H Berg" sort="Vetti, Hildegunn H Berg" uniqKey="Vetti H" first="Hildegunn H Berg" last="Vetti">Hildegunn H Berg Vetti</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Maryland"><name sortKey="Yang, Xiaohong R" sort="Yang, Xiaohong R" uniqKey="Yang X" first="Xiaohong R" last="Yang">Xiaohong R. Yang</name></region><name sortKey="Goldstein, Alisa M" sort="Goldstein, Alisa M" uniqKey="Goldstein A" first="Alisa M" last="Goldstein">Alisa M. Goldstein</name><name sortKey="Tsao, Hensin" sort="Tsao, Hensin" uniqKey="Tsao H" first="Hensin" last="Tsao">Hensin Tsao</name><name sortKey="Tucker, Margaret A" sort="Tucker, Margaret A" uniqKey="Tucker M" first="Margaret A" last="Tucker">Margaret A. Tucker</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Avril, Marie Francoise" sort="Avril, Marie Francoise" uniqKey="Avril M" first="Marie Françoise" last="Avril">Marie Françoise Avril</name></region><name sortKey="Benfodda, Meriem" sort="Benfodda, Meriem" uniqKey="Benfodda M" first="Meriem" last="Benfodda">Meriem Benfodda</name><name sortKey="Bressac De Paillerets, Brigitte" sort="Bressac De Paillerets, Brigitte" uniqKey="Bressac De Paillerets B" first="Brigitte" last="Bressac-De Paillerets">Brigitte Bressac-De Paillerets</name><name sortKey="Dalle, Stephane" sort="Dalle, Stephane" uniqKey="Dalle S" first="Stéphane" last="Dalle">Stéphane Dalle</name><name sortKey="Duval Modeste, Anne B" sort="Duval Modeste, Anne B" uniqKey="Duval Modeste A" first="Anne B" last="Duval-Modeste">Anne B. Duval-Modeste</name><name sortKey="Hu, Hui Han" sort="Hu, Hui Han" uniqKey="Hu H" first="Hui-Han" last="Hu">Hui-Han Hu</name><name sortKey="Jouary, Thomas" sort="Jouary, Thomas" uniqKey="Jouary T" first="Thomas" last="Jouary">Thomas Jouary</name><name sortKey="Martin Denavit, Tanguy" sort="Martin Denavit, Tanguy" uniqKey="Martin Denavit T" first="Tanguy" last="Martin-Denavit">Tanguy Martin-Denavit</name><name sortKey="Soufir, Nadem" sort="Soufir, Nadem" uniqKey="Soufir N" first="Nadem" last="Soufir">Nadem Soufir</name><name sortKey="Thomas, Luc" sort="Thomas, Luc" uniqKey="Thomas L" first="Luc" last="Thomas">Luc Thomas</name><name sortKey="Tinat, Julie" sort="Tinat, Julie" uniqKey="Tinat J" first="Julie" last="Tinat">Julie Tinat</name></country><country name="Italie"><region name="Latium"><name sortKey="Catricala, Caterina" sort="Catricala, Caterina" uniqKey="Catricala C" first="Caterina" last="Catricalà">Caterina Catricalà</name></region><name sortKey="Ghiorzo, Paola" sort="Ghiorzo, Paola" uniqKey="Ghiorzo P" first="Paola" last="Ghiorzo">Paola Ghiorzo</name><name sortKey="Grammatico, Paola" sort="Grammatico, Paola" uniqKey="Grammatico P" first="Paola" last="Grammatico">Paola Grammatico</name><name sortKey="Pastorino, Lorenza" sort="Pastorino, Lorenza" uniqKey="Pastorino L" first="Lorenza" last="Pastorino">Lorenza Pastorino</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Harland, Mark" sort="Harland, Mark" uniqKey="Harland M" first="Mark" last="Harland">Mark Harland</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Newton Bishop, Julia A" sort="Newton Bishop, Julia A" uniqKey="Newton Bishop J" first="Julia A" last="Newton-Bishop">Julia A. Newton-Bishop</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hayward, Nicholas K" sort="Hayward, Nicholas K" uniqKey="Hayward N" first="Nicholas K" last="Hayward">Nicholas K. Hayward</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Palmer, Jane M" sort="Palmer, Jane M" uniqKey="Palmer J" first="Jane M" last="Palmer">Jane M. Palmer</name></country><country name="Lettonie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ozola, Aija" sort="Ozola, Aija" uniqKey="Ozola A" first="Aija" last="Ozola">Aija Ozola</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Pjanova, Dace" sort="Pjanova, Dace" uniqKey="Pjanova D" first="Dace" last="Pjanova">Dace Pjanova</name><name sortKey="Veinalde, R Ta" sort="Veinalde, R Ta" uniqKey="Veinalde R" first="R Ta" last="Veinalde">R Ta Veinalde</name></country><country name="Grèce"><region name="Attique (région)"><name sortKey="Stratigos, Alexander J" sort="Stratigos, Alexander J" uniqKey="Stratigos A" first="Alexander J" last="Stratigos">Alexander J. 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